The fan is the essential content, summer. China's fan culture has profound cultural foundation, national culture is a component parts, and bamboo culture, buddhist culture has close relation. China has made known as fan kingdom. Main material: fan bamboo, wood, paper, fan, ivory, tortoise, jade, birds and other palm fronds, feathers, straw, betel nut, also can make up strong rushes into various daily or sleek craft, refined by skillful craftsman, ornamental iron meticulously carved, or celebrities, paint, make the usual extensively fan art value a hundredfold. Originated in ancient times of China, the fan culture of our ancestors in sorching summer, conveniently wafer plant leaves or poultry plume hunt, simple processing for the disabled, fan, is disabled, said, this is the beginning of the fan. The fan in China has three, four thousand years history, after thousands of years history evolution has become perfect improvement of hundreds of fans, but on the whole family to two categories, A ping fan TuanShan (that is, KuiShan, wheat straw, jade edition fan, etc), two folding fan can be folded cannot receive free open. Flat door to door "disabled" (palm door) "bamboo + the ancient" (with bamboo compiled into fan says "bamboo + jie"). During the warring states, qin and han dynasties a half rules form "face" its shape single door, again say "door window" single doors can be covered peep at the mainstream of fans. "Face" with a fine ZhuMie woven into shape and under the emperor, PingMinZhe to use it. And the disabled, pheasants, for disabled blotting out the dust of a gear, closing.

The fan originated in China, in China for more than 3,000 years history. Yin, first appeared in the late with colorful, called "disabled", "door" word in a "fea

ther" word. At that time, the fan is not used to cool breeze, but as Kings take out from ShaZhiYong windscreen when patrol shading. After the han, fans began to take cold. Three EMaoShan rocking gently when zhuge liang, inspiration continues, plotting coups. It requires a soft wind, the cou justified

slowly. Han, mostly for change requires, silk, cloth, such as fine embroidered to adorn. The moon is called "fan shape WanShan" or "TuanShan", als

o called "fan. When the fan has long round, sunflower, plum, hex, short of form; Also have wood, bamboo, wood hilt; the bone etc. And the ShanZhui, tassel, jade ornaments. Printed in landscape flowers, often embroider design, however TuanShan hand full breeze, attic, not only can be Han period, "fan" (also called GongShan, WanShan, TuanShan), its shape is round, fan characteristics is the surface with door handle meat white, symmetric axis is WanShan moon, with bamboo, face to circle, elliptic or with thin silk paste into. When th

e central area with the most fastidious, "WanShan Wan qi chu" say, namely in shandong silk and bamboo production entity WanShan of hunan. When the WanShan han is very popular, and praise, such as class of chanting, "the world's new crack, fresh clean as Wan natives for fan, cutting, like the moon circle, jun bosom sleeve, shake the breeze send". This TuanShan symmetrical type, use and long, and in traditional Chinese style as fan.

During the qing dynasty, symmetrical type fan, except the circular long round, flat, fangyuan, plum flower form, sunflower, melons, waist, bullying horseshoe-shaped like... The outstanding characteristic of fan is symmetrical, light, workmanship.

Fans, called "JuTou fan", or "fan, or folding fan, with its curl can be a merger of two. In southern song dynasty had considerable scale production of fans. In Ming dynasty, emperor fans call life within the next door, absorb artisans generic Korean foreign production process, promote the development of domestic fan. In the fan first appeared in drawing extensively kingdoms. According to ZhangYanYuan tang dynasties of the paintings of the containing the cao meng virtuous iperical academy and TaiZu wei "picture" fan was delayed into flies. Chapter, "wang wang a woman for the problem. When a mother ", "hold" hex bamboo fans, wang ", "in the book five words for xihe," she sold by 12 when wen wen "to". Zhejiang shaoxing today Ji shannan edge ", "fan bridge problem is wang xizhi topic fan.he northern, carry convenience of fans. Fans, also called "JuTou fan", "and" or "gather bone fan." The horn, tortoise, appreciation useful XiangFeiZhu, jade, ivory and sandalwood etc togethere materials. There, with harps, bamboo, the grasshopper eye; etc. Seven points, nine, appreciation, 14 and 16:10 and the stereotype.

At southern, painting, sell, hidden fan, and appear fan and art dealer. Qing literati paintings fan fan engraved questions become a kind of fashion. The modern yun shouping, ZhengBanQiao, JinNong, famous, RenBoNian and WuChangShuo, qi baishi, ZhangDaQian, xu beihong, FuBaoShi navy political, etc. Are painted the door problem fan art master. Now, the famous calligraphy indeed, every fan, high value handle tens of thousands and thousands of dollars.

The word RuHua, fan pleasing, give a person with beautiful enjoyment. Appreciate sectoral painting should chew slowly savor, including art implication. Lao she's keen to collect painting for Mr Fan, for decades, to his fans, including hundreds of the modern artist extensively, and the fans, also have painted the door Shakespeare celebrities painting. Mr. ZhengYiMei lot, depending on the fan fan, love for all the treasures "painting". He makes the most cherished seal WuHuFan fan and painted green mei's calligraphy and painting. Contemporary writer YeWenLing have hidden, calligraphy and painting the antique collection in her door. She is the study of the bookcase with liu haisu sectoral words "cool" 2 words, Feng youlan inscribed "moon" 2 words, PeiYanLing "clouds" four word muddily rutted collapse, The YouMoHua HuaJunWu works, the YeWenLing very cherish, etc. Extensively.

The fan historical-biography at called "wuning door". Legend for widening audio-visual seeking shun the auxiliary, had produced five Ming fan. YanZhou period already appeared a "di", that is the tail pheasants with colorful, therefore requires ", "said. The said: "in Japan, to become with wood door." reed yue This suggests that early from the fans may be rectangular reed plait. Early fan is not used to the shade, but the ruler of the etiquette, as so called "closing door". After the qin and han dynasties in China, the main square, fan, etc, with the silk fabrics using the fan, due to the palace in pieces, and say ", "tang GongShan two generations, prevailed

in the world is mainly WanShan and requires, and small amounts of fans. After the song dynasty, fans gradually popular. During the Ming and qing dynasties, zhejiang, suzhou, sichuan province, is also the fans in this painting inscription. The skill of the Ming dynasty was introduced into Europe from the start, then popular around the world.

Cool, fan of an alias. SongTao valley "green" vision ", recording instruments ShangShan inside window eight sentences on the cheek ShiYun: 'net jun, cool and friends gather dust. "is the broom and cool clear yi fan."

Calligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture. In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held in eq

ual importance to painting. Great attention is also paid today to its development by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporary works and by organizing competitions among youngsters and people from various walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field often makes a feature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.

Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture.

Classification
Chinese scripts are generally divided into five categories:

The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), the re

gular script (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand (cao).

1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing after the oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great inconvenience because they lacked uniformity and many char

acters were written in variant forms. The first effort for the unification of writing, it is said, took place during the reign of King Xuan (827-782 B. C.) of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when his taishi (grand historian) Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of 15 chapters, standardizing Chinese writing under script called zhuan. It is also known as zhouwen after the name of the author. This script, often used in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the "curly script" after the shape of its strokes.

Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later a

uthor of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agre

ed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.

When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one central government, he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto prevalent in different parts of the country in a great effort to unify the written language under one system. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan (small seal) script.

Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in

the creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the

Temple to the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The 2,200-year-old stele, worn by age and weather, has only nine and a half characters left on it.

2) The lishu (official script) came in the wake of the xiaozhuan in the same short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 B. C.). This was because the xiaozhuan, though a simplified form of script, was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government offices who had to copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison warden, made a further simplification of the xiaozhuan, changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and thus making writing much easier. A further step away from the pictographs, it was named lishu because li in classi

ca

l Chinese meant "clerk" or "scribe". Another version says that Cheng Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and slave himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", so the script was named lishu or the "script of a slave".

3) The lishu was already very close to, and led to the adoptio

n of, kaishu, regular script. The oldest existing example of this dates from the Wei (220-265), and the script developed under the Jin (265-420). The standard writing today is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the left-falling (short and long) and the right-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.

4) On the basis of lishu also evolved caoshu (grass writing or cursive hand), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhangcao and jincao.

The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C. The characters, though written rapidly, still stand separate one from another and the dots are not linked up with other strokes.

Jincao or the modern cursive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang Zhi (?-c. 192 A. D.) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popular today.

It is the essence of the caoshu, especially jincao, that the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together. The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next. They also vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.

A great master at caoshu was Zhang Xu (early 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty, noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brush. It is said that he would not set about writing

until he had got drunk. This he did, allowing the brush to "gallop" across the paper, curling, twisting or meandering in one unbroken stroke, thus creating an original style. Today one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting, kept in the Provincial Museum of Shaanxi.

The best example and model for xingshu, all Chinese calligraphers will agree, is the Inscription on Lanting Pavilion in the hand of Wang Xizhi (321-379) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. To learn to wr

ite a nice hand in Chinese calligraphy, assiduous and persevering practice is necessary. This has been borne out by the many great masters China has produced. Wang Xizhi, the great artist just mentioned, who has exerted a profound influence on, and has been held in high esteem by, calligraphers and scholars throughout history, is said to have blackened in his childhood all the water of a pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it after his daily exercises. Another master, Monk Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was so industrious in learning calligraphy that he filled many jars with worn-out writing brushes, which he buried in a "tomb of brushes".

Renewed interest in brush-writing has been kindled today among the pupils in China, some of whom already show promises as worthy successors to the ancient masters.